RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY OF WEST BENGAL

West Bengal, contrary to its name, is located in the Easter part of India and is one of the most populated stated in the country. The capital city of West Bengal os Kolkata, which was famously called as Calcutta in the time of British rule. West Bengal has about 23.07MW of connected solar power as of January 2017. Out of this more than 50%, 15.30MW to be exact was commissioned in the Financial Year 2016/17. In the year of 2016, more than 190 schools in West Bengal saw solar power systems installed. The state government has ambitious plans and more than 1300 government buildings, hospitals and schools have been identified to help install about 180MW of solar in the next couple of years. The target for the Financial year 2017-18 has been set at 120MW and the government in all is expected to spend about Rs 1000 crore overall on the project. Not just the villages and cities, but also the islands of Sundervans have been discussed as areas that are currently facing a shortage of power. Solar as a possible solution is attractive but the difficulty in land acquisition for projects has put the state behind. A new policy too is expected in West Bengal to help set up the action plan, helping the state to achieve the target of 4,500MW of solar power by the year 2022 that the state has set.

RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY OF WEST BENGAL

Objectives of the Policy

The objective of the Renewable Energy Policy for this State is to promote and facilitate the growth of generation of electricity from renewable energy sources by way of optimum utilization of the RE potential in the State.

Wind Farms

To exploit the wind potential of the State, the Nodal Agency shall initially undertake a comprehensive wind resource assessment and offer the identified potential sites for development. Government-owned wasteland in areas having minimum annual mean Wind Power Density (WPD) of 200 Watt/m2 measured at a hub height of 50 meters and using new generation wind turbine generators will be offered for setting up of wind projects.

Biomass Projects

An additional 224 MW of biomass power has been targeted for achievement by the year 2017. In West Bengal, rice husk is a primary feedstock for biomass projects. However, other forms of agricultural waste like wood, straw, maze, energy plantation, etc. are also being considered for generating biomass power in West Bengal. Feedstock availability and pricing are the critical determinants of success for biomass plants. In order to ensure feedstock availability, energy plantations will be promoted. For this, barren Government land, waste land, as well as degraded forest land shall be made available.

Solar Photovoltaic

There is a target to harness 82 MW of solar power through grid connected projects and 18 MW of solar power through rooftop and smaller solar installations by 2017. The State intends to encourage the development of solar power by providing favorable atmosphere for promising Solar Developers. Apart from grid-connected solar power, the State is targeting huge capacity addition through rooftop and smaller solar installations. The comprehensive solar Policy for cities. The byelaws shall be amended with due mandatory provisions for providing solar energy infrastructure, right at planning/building stage, both for residential and commercial categories. It shall be mandatory for all the public buildings to have solar devices to meet electricity requirements and other applications. All existing and upcoming commercial and business establishments having more than 1.5 MW of contract demand will be required to install solar rooftop systems to meet at least 2% of their total electrical load. Further, all the existing and upcoming schools and colleges, hospitals, large housing societies and Government establishments having a total contract demand of more than 500 KW will be required to install solar rooftop systems to meet at least 1.5% of their total electrical load. West Bengal has on an average 300-330 sunny days, with solar insolation 5-5.5 (kwh/m2/day). West Bengal has initiated a net-metering solar rooftop model to promote self-consumption. The system size limited to 2-100 kW, Connectivity is allowed at Low Voltage or Medium Voltage, or 6 KV or 11 KV, of the distribution system of the licensee. Policy targets 16 MW of rooftop and small PV installations by 2017.

MAIN FEATURES OF POLICY

•       WBGEDCL (West Bengal Green Energy Development Corporation Limited) will be the Nodal Agency and will facilitate investment and involvement in the RE sector of the State. WBREDA will promote new renewable energy technologies through demonstration projects. Allotment of Projects through Competitive Bidding

•       The Nodal Agency shall release in the public domain a Request for Proposal (RfP) for inviting prospective developers to submit their proposals.

•       Bidders qualified on fulfilling minimum requirements at pre-qualifying stage will be considered for next stage of technical and financial evaluation. The developer offering the highest discount on the WBERC (West Bengal Electricity Regulatory Commission) ceiling tariff for the concerned RE technology will be invited to negotiate for signing the PPA.

•       A developer can bid for full or part capacity/quantity of a specified RE Project.

Land for R.E. Project Development

•        For cases where Government vested land is available, the permission for use of such land will be given for 30 years or the project life whichever is less. Vested land will be allocated and transferred to the WBGEDCL, which will then lease the land to the renewable energy developers.

•        For projects on private land the developer will arrange the entire required quantum of land through direct purchase from / suitable agreement with the land owner. R.E. projects may not require conversion of private /agricultural land to non agriculture purposes subject to necessary government orders passed for these purposes.

•        The allotment of land, if any, shall stand cancelled if the power project is not started within the time frame in accordance with the time limits as stipulated in the Implementation Agreement.

Clearance

The Nodal Agency will act as a Single Window for obtaining assistance from all line Departments.

MORE DETAILS

SOLAR ENERGY  POLICY

TARGET

As per MNRE there is a target to harness 5336 MW of solar power through grid connected projects and through rooftop in the state.

LAND ALLOTMENT

•                    Government land, if available, permission for use will be given for 30 years or the project life whichever is less.

•                    Land to be allocated and transferred to WBGEDCL, which will then lease the land to the developers.

•                    For projects on private land developer to arrange the entire required quantum of land through direct purchase / suitable agreement with the land owner.

•                    E projects may not require conversion of private /agricultural land to non agriculture purposes subject to necessary government orders passed for these purposes.

•                    The allotment of land, if any, shall stand cancelled if the power project is not started within the time frame in accordance with the time limits as stipulated in the Implementation Agreement.

INCENTIVES

•                    Exemption of demand cut to the extent of 50% of the installed capacity assigned for captive use purpose will be allowed subject to the Regulations of the Commission.

•                    The host and obligated distribution utilities shall provide revolving Letter of Credit from a nationalized bank as a payment security mechanism for all RE projects.

•                    Developer/Government acquiring land to provide an amount not exceeding one percent (1%) of the project cost for the rehabilitation and resettlement of the persons displaced from the project area.

•                    In case of RE project construction in very remote areas, some infrastructural support including approach roads to the project site may be provided at Government cost.

SALE OF POWER AND TARIFF

•                    All the electricity generated from the renewable energy projects established within the State of West Bengal are to be preferably sold to the distribution licensees within the State of West Bengal.

•                    All transactions between W B S E T C / D i s t r i b u t i o n Licensee and the developer involving wheeling or sale of power will be settled on a monthly basis as per PPA and transmission service agreement executed. Power Evacuation and Grid Interfacing.

•                    The evacuation infrastructure cost beyond the inter-connection point to be borne by the licensees which is to be recovered from consumers as per suitable pricing framework developed by WBERC.

•                    Interfacing equipment and associated switchgear as well as their maintenance to be undertaken by developers at their own cost.

•                    West Bengal Solar Policy and it's Solar Highlights

APPLICABLE POLICIES

ROOFTOP

•                    Mandatory for all large housing societies having a total contract demand of more than 500 kW will be required to install solar rooftop systems to meet at least 1.5% of their total electrical load.

SUBSIDY

•                    30% subsidy on the cost of solar system from MNRE (Central Government) through State Nodal Agency subject to approval & availability of funds.

Vision

•                    Ensuring greener generation of electricity for future generations

•                    To promote generation of electricity from renewable energy resources available in the State,

•                    To create a conducive environment for participation of the public sector, private developers and smaller communities in the development of RE-based power projects in the State.

•                    To generate value for the stakeholders, as well as for the State.

WIND ENERGY POLICY MORE DETAILS

WBREDA installed 8 X 250 kW Wind Energy Generators at Freserganj. One machine is out of order but other machines are in operating condition. WBREDA is getting service charge from WBSEDCL by selling power to their grid. WBREDA has prepared a proposal for installation two more Wind Electric Generation Projects with capacity 1 X 250 kW each at Ganga Sagar & Beguakhali in Sagar Island under South 24 Parganas District.

Wind – Diesel Hybrid :

WBREDA is operating a Wind-Diesel-Gasifier Hybrid Power Projects having 4 x 50 kW WEG, 2 x 180 KVA DG Sets and 1 x 150 kW Biomass Gasifier (Duel Fuel type).  The project has been funded by MNRE, Govt. of India; ICEF & the State Government. The Project was conceived as a Technology Demonstration Project. 

Wind-Solar Hybrid :

WBREDA conceived a project proposal for installation of six numbers Wind-Solar Hybrid Projects for six different schools under Sagar Block in Sundarban. The main objective of the project is to provide power for operating Computers and Laboratory Equipments. Each hybrid system comprises of 3 kW Aero Generator and 3 kW PV with Battery Storage System. The total financial involvement for this purpose would be Rs.133.40 Lacs

Aero Generator :

WBREDA has installed four aero generators each of capacity 5 kW at two existing Solar PV Power Plants at Gayen Bazar 25 kW Solar PV Power Plant and at Moushuni 55 kW Solar PV Power Plant of Sundarbans. WBREDA is facing problem in maintain the Aero Generators. Three Aero Generators have been badly damaged due to Aila. WBREDA already informed the matter to MNRE Government of India for providing fund in restoring the systems. Performances of Aero Generators are found well particularly for the period from March to September.

New Projects of 2 MW capacity Wind Generation :

WBREDA has initiated a proposal for installation of 2 MW capacity Power Plant through Wind Energy.

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community-based participatory research (CBPR)

In simplest terms, community-based participatory research (CBPR) enlists those who are most affected by a community issue – typically in collaboration or partnership with others who have research skills – to conduct research on and analyze that issue, with the goal of devising strategies to resolve it. In other words, community-based participatory research adds to or replaces academic and other professional research with research done by community members, so that research results both come from and go directly back to the people who need them most and can make the best use of them.

There are several levels of participatory research. At one end of the spectrum is academic or government research that nonetheless gathers information directly from community members. The community members are those most directly affected by the issue at hand, and they may (or may not) be asked for their opinions about what they need and what they think will help, as well as for specific information. In that circumstance, the community members don’t have any role in choosing what information is sought, in collecting data, or in analyzing the information once it’s collected. (At the same time, this type of participatory research is still a long step from research that is done at second or third hand, where all the information about a group of people is gathered from statistics, census data, and the reports of observers or of human service or health professionals.)

At another level, academic or other researchers recruit or hire members of an affected group – often because they are familiar with and known by the community – to collect data. In this case, the collectors may or may not also help to analyze the information that they have gathered.

A third level of participatory research has academic, government, or other professional researchers recruiting members of an affected group as partners in a research project. The community members work with the researchers as colleagues, participating in the conception and design of the project, data collection, and data analysis. They may participate as well in reporting the results of the project or study. At this level, there is usually – though not always – an assumption that the research group is planning to use its research to take action on an issue that needs to be resolved

ON THE PRACTICAL SIDE, COMMUNITY-BASED PARTICIPATORY RESEARCH CAN OFTEN GET YOU THE BEST INFORMATION POSSIBLE ABOUT THE ISSUE, FOR AT LEAST REASONS INCLUDING:

•          People in an affected population are more liable to be willing to talk and give straight answers to researchers whom they know, or whom they know to be in circumstances similar to their own, than to outsiders with whom they have little in common

•          People who have actually experienced the effects of an issue – or an intervention – may have ideas and information about aspects of it that wouldn’t occur to anyone studying it from outside. Thus, action researchers from the community may focus on elements of the issue, or ask questions or follow-ups, that outside researchers wouldn’t, and get crucial information that other researchers might find only by accident, or perhaps not at all

•          People who are deeply affected by an issue, or participants in a program, may know intuitively, or more directly, what’s important when they see or hear it. What seems an offhand comment to an outside researcher might reveal its real importance to someone who is part of the same population as person who made the comment.

•          Action researchers from the community are on the scene all the time. Their contact both with the issue or intervention and with the population affected by it is constant, and, as a result, they may find information even when they’re not officially engaged in research.

•          Findings may receive more community support because community members know that the research was conducted by people in the same circumstances as their own

When you’re conducting an evaluation, these advantages can provide you with a more accurate picture of the intervention or initiative and its effects. When you’re studying a community issue, all these advantages can lead to a true understanding of its nature, its causes, and its effects in the community, and can provide a solid basis for a strategy to resolve it. And that, of course, is the true goal of community research – to identify and resolve an issue or problem, and to improve the quality of life for the community as a whole

In the personal development sphere, CBPR can have profound effects on the development and lives of the community researchers, particularly when those who benefit from an intervention, or who are affected by an issue, are poor or otherwise disadvantaged, lack education or basic skills, and/or feel that the issue is far beyond their influence. By engaging in research, they not only learn new skills, but see themselves in a position of competence, obtain valuable knowledge and information about a subject important to them, and gain the power and the confidence to exercise control over this aspect of their lives.

Some prime examples:

•          The environment. It was a community member who first asked the questions and started the probe that uncovered the fact that the Love Canal neighborhood in Niagara Falls, NY, had been contaminated by the dumping of toxic waste.

•          Medical/health issues. Action research can be helpful in both undeveloped and developed societies in collecting information about health practices, tracking an epidemic, or mapping the occurrence of a particular condition, to name three of numerous possibilities.

•          Political and economic issues. Citizen activists often do their own research to catch corrupt politicians or corporations, trace campaign contributions, etc.

WHY WOULD YOU USE COMMUNITY-BASED PARTICIPATORY RESEARCH?

•          People will speak more freely to peers, especially those they know personally, than to strangers.

•          Researchers who are members of the community know the history and relationships surrounding a program or an issue, and can therefore place it in context.

•          People experiencing an issue or participating in an intervention know what’s important to them about it – what it disrupts, what parts of their lives it touches, how they have changed as a result, etc. That knowledge helps them to formulate interview questions that get to the heart of what they – as researchers – are trying to learn.

IN SUMMARY

Community-based participatory research is a process conducted by and for the people most affected by the issue or intervention being studied or evaluated. It has multiple purposes, including the empowerment of the participants, the gathering of the best and most accurate information possible, garnering community support for the effort, and social change that leads to the betterment of the community for everyone

As with any participatory process, CBPR can take a great deal of time and effort. The participants are often economically and educationally disadvantaged, lacking basic skills and other resources. Thus, training and support – both technical and personal – are crucial elements in any action research process. With proper preparation, however, participatory action research can yield not only excellent research results, but huge benefits for the community over the long run.

Della Roberts worked as a nutritionist at the Harperville Hospital. As an African American, she was concerned about obesity among black children, and about the fact that many of Harperville’s African American neighborhoods didn’t have access to healthy food in stores or restaurants. She felt that the city ought to be doing something to change the situation, but officials didn’t seem to see it as a problem. Della decided to conduct some research to use as a base for advocacy.

Della realized that in order to collect accurate data, she needed to find researchers who would be trusted by people in the neighborhoods she was concerned about. What if she recruited researchers from among the people in those neighborhoods? She contacted two ministers she knew, an African American doctor who practiced in a black neighborhood, and the director of a community center, as well as using her own family connections. Within two weeks, she had gathered a group of neighborhood residents who were willing to act as researchers. They ranged from high school students to grandparents, and from people who could barely read to others who had taken college courses.

The group met several times at the hospital to work out how they were going to collect information from the community. Della conducted workshops in research methods and in such basic skills as how to record interviews and observations. The group discussed the problem of recording for those who had difficulty writing, and came up with other ways of logging information. They decided they would each interview a given number of residents about their food shopping and eating habits, and that they would also observe people’s buying patterns in neighborhood stores and fast food restaurants. They set a deadline for finishing their data gathering, and went off to learn as much as they could about the food shopping and eating behavior of people in their neighborhoods.

As the data came in, it became clear that people in the neighborhoods would be happy to buy more nutritious food, but it was simply too difficult to get it. They either had to travel long distances on the bus, since many didn’t have cars, or find time after a long work day to drive to another, often unfamiliar, part of the city and spend an evening shopping. Many also had the perception that healthy food was much more expensive, and that they couldn’t afford it.

Ultimately, the data that the group of neighborhood residents had gathered went into a report written by Della and other professionals on the hospital staff. The report helped to convince the city to provide incentives to supermarket chains to locate in neighborhoods where healthy food was hard to find.

The group that Della had recruited had become a community-based participatory research team. Working with Della and others at the hospital, they helped to determine what kind of information would be useful, and then learned how to gather it. Because they were part of the community, they were trusted by residents; because they shared other residents’ experience, they knew what questions to ask and fully understood the answers, as well as what they were seeing when they observed.

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Physiotherapy

It is widely believed that Physiotherapy techniques were used as far back as 460BC, when early physicians such as Hippocrates practiced elements of Physiotherapy like manual therapy and massage. Physiotherapy has been developing since then to become what it is today… a science evolved from evidence based research enabling physiotherapists to provide the most effective form of treatment to their patients.  

Physiotherapy is basically the science of diagnosing and treating injuries or diseases by using mostly physical means. The main aim is to reduce pain and minimize dysfunction by using evidence based techniques. Physiotherapy encompasses all areas of the lifespan from infants to the elderly in areas such as musculoskeletal, orthopedics, rheumatology, respiratory, neurology, sports injuries and women’s/men’s health.

Physiotherapy helps to restore mobility and normalcy in a patient's life after he/she is affected by any injury, disease or disability, in general.

Components of a physiotherapy session include manual therapy, advising and educating the patient. Physiotherapy can help a patient of any age to manage further pain and prevent subsequent injuries or diseases. In a nutshell, physiotherapy helps a patient improve and maximize his/her physical strength, functioning and general well-being while taking care of the underlying issues.

It adopts a more holistic approach to a patient's treatment process by taking into consideration his/her lifestyle and other dimensions of their lives.

Physiotherapy helps prevent disability and injury, manages chronic as well as acute health conditions, manages and betters physical performance of the patient, provides rehabilitation from the injury and educates patients on how to prevent any further recurrence.

How is the treatment done?

A physiotherapist may employ a variety of techniques, determined by the nature of the injury sustained and the particular problem that is being treated. The commonest of them are:

•      Manual manipulation: Moving the soft tissues and the joints betters circulation; flushes excess fluids from the body and relaxes overtly tight muscles and spasms.

•      Electrical stimulation of the nerves: Delivering electric currents in controlled intensity to the affected part helps to contain the pain signals, thus preventing them from reaching the brain.

•      Acupuncture: This is a great way of stimulating the CNS while dulling the pain and relaxing tight muscles.

•      Demonstration: Teaching and demonstrating proper movement patterns to the patient help them to recuperate on their own.

•      Functional testing: This involves examining the patient with regards to their physical movements to better assess his/her condition.

Who is eligible for the treatment? (When is the treatment done?)

Few conditions that can benefit from physical therapy are:

•      Cardio-pulmonary conditions such as COPD, myocardial infarction and cystic fibrosis

•      Hand therapy in conditions such as trigger finger and CTS (Carpal tunnel syndrome)

•      Tears in the rotator cuff, lower or upper back pain and TMJ

•          Injuries to the spinal cord, stroke, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, trauma to the brain and vestibular dysfunction

•          Cerebral Palsy and other developmental disorders in children

•          Tennis elbow and other injuries related to sports

•          Urinary incontinence

Are there any side effects?

•          Yes, there are a few side effects associated with physiotherapy. It is absolutely essential to address these by talking it out with the physiotherapist. Some of the common side effects are:

•          Pain: It may happen that your pain increases while you recuperate and recover. To address such pain, oral pain medicines might be administered prior to a session of physical therapy. Heat/cold therapy or other topical methods can work as well.

•          Swelling: This is very common; it's because of the fact that the tissues, muscles and ligaments are stretched in order to strengthen them. This can result in swelling and further pain because of it.

Safety: Very High             Effectiveness: High         Timeliness: High               Relative Risk: Low Side

Effects: Low Recovery                   Time: Medium                  Price Range: Rs.250 - Rs.1500 per session.

Benefits of Physiotherapy

 Physiotherapy can make a difference in an individual’s ability to live an active, healthy lifestyle. For many seniors, disabled or chronically ill people, physiotherapy is the key to restoring and maintaining a level of physical function that permits independent living. Physiotherapy is one way to successfully push physical limitations to secure the Freedom to Function.

Physiotherapy benefits include decreasing pain, improving joint mobility, increasing strength and coordination and improved cardio-respiratory function. Everyone can benefit from physiotherapy whether you are living with a chronic illness, recovering from a work injury or suffering after that weekend hockey game.

Physiotherapy increases your independence and gives you the Freedom to Function™ in your home, workplace or your favorite leisure activity. Physiotherapy offers a range of specialized services of benefit to patients with heart and lung disease, traumatic, workplace and athletic injuries, amputations, arthritic joints, stroke, brain injury, spinal cord and nerve injury, cancer and pre and post surgical needs.

Common Questions

Do we need a doctor’s referral to seek physiotherapy services?

 You do not need a doctor’s referral for physiotherapy. However, if you are going to use your health insurance to cover the cost of therapy, the insurance provider may ask you for a doctor’s referral.

How can I be sure that physiotherapy is right for my health problem?

Physiotherapy focuses on removing the cause of the problem as opposed to superficially treating the symptoms. This process may take some time, but the results are often more permanent with less chance of the disorder returning.

What can I expect on my first appointment with a physiotherapist?

Although each clinic’s approach to intake, assessment and therapy do vary, generally speaking your physiotherapist will ask a series of questions that will help better describe all of your symptoms in detail. Your physiotherapist can then carry out your assessment. The physiotherapist will examine you physically and discuss the findings, the cause of the problem, and suggest a solution that can effectively treat your health problem

How long does each physiotherapy session last?

The first appointment usually takes about an hour for a full assessment. Subsequent treatments can be shorter or longer depending upon the condition and the treatment required. Subsequent physiotherapy treatments can be twenty to thirty minutes in length.

What treatments are used by physiotherapists?

The treatment administered by physiotherapists varies and can range from exercise, manipulation, stretching, and soft tissue massage among other therapy options. At times, ultrasound electrotherapy or acupuncture may be also used. Electrotherapy is the usage of electrical energy to accelerate the healing process, reduce inflammation, muscle spasm and pain

Coverage Options

pt Health services are covered by most health care plans

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Attitude formation and Measurement

Attitude formation 

when an attitude forms because it has been reinforced through reward or a pleasant experience or discouraged through punishment or an unpleasant experience. For example, a parent might praise a teenager for helping out at an after-school program with little kids. As a result, the teen may develop a positive attitude toward volunteer work. Similarly, many people find that broccoli has a terrible taste, and so they dislike broccoli because of its punishing flavor.

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Summer Vacation Tour

Summer 2011, I wanted to visit lesser known Himachal like Chamunda Ji, Baijnath, Palampur etc. After surfing net I was unable to find suitable tour planning. So I started the tour without much knowledge. I am giving here all the details of a budget journey.

Date 7/06/2011

We started from Dhuri (Punjab) at 6.10 am by Andeman Express and reached Phagwara Junction by 8.30 am. The fair was Rs. 35/- (Aprx). Phagwara Bus Stand is 5 minutes walk from Railway Station. There we took the bus for Hoshiarpur, fair Rs. 25/-

From Hosiarpur by Bus to Chintpurni, fair near abt Rs. 40/- one hr time.

At Chintpurni long que for Darshan. We placed our luggage and shoes free of cost at one of the shops selling Parsad. We were free in 2 hrs.

Then by bus to JawalJi, fair of bus abt Rs.40/- and time One hr.

At Jawaliji placed our luggage and shoes free of cost at one of the shops selling Parsad. We were free in one hr.

Then took bus to Kangra Fair same about Rs. 40/- and reached Kangra at abt  5.00 pm.

From Kangra bus stand took bus for Chamunda Ji, fair Rs. 40/- (aprx) time one hr.

Gone to Yatri Niwas. Yatri Niwas was running full and rooms were not also upto quality without attached batroom etc at Rs. 500/- per day. So just next to Yatri Niwas there is a Kiran Asharam, a budget stay, three beds in room for Rs. 350/- attached bathroom, toilet. Good for budget stay. Owner Bihari Lal, Arun Kumar are nice. Here I spent three nights and visited all area by staying here.

Date 8/06/2011

First of all went to ChamundaJi temple just two minutes walk from my stay. Not too musc rush. Freed in 15 minutes. Took breakfast at Sai Kirpa Dhaba near bus stop. Nice Dhaba with reasonable rates and good food. At 9.30 am took bus for Chamunda Marg railway station Rs. 5/-. At abt 10.15 took small gauge train for Baijnath fair Rs. 5/- time 1.30 hr. Very beautiful journey in Kangra Valley.

Baijnath Temple is abt 20 minutes walk from station or you can take a bus from railway station. But I will suggest walking along railway track.

Baijnath Temple is worth visiting. Not too much crowd. After Darshan visited local market and near bus stand there is bakey with good products.

Took bus to Andretta from bus stand fair abt  Rs. 15/- time One hr.

What a peacefull village is Andretta with nice people there. Visited Pottery institute and Sr. Sobha Sing Gallery just opp the bus stop. Ticket Rs. 10/-. The Gallery is must for visit. Enjoyed walking in the village. At abt 3.20 pm took bus to Panchrukhi 2 km from Andretts Rs. 5/- fare. From Panchrukhi took train for Chamunda Marg at 4.15 pm and reached Chamunda Marg by 5.45 pm. From there by bus to Chamunda Ji.

Date 9/06/2011

Started journey to Dharamshala by taking bus from Chamunda Ji bus stand Rs. 17/-. From Dharamshala took bus upto Mcleodganj Rs. 10/-. Bhagsu Nag Mandir is abt 2 Km from Mcleodganj bus stop. Enjoyed walking in the market and visited temple. There is a waterfall behind mandir. Path is there for waterfall abt 2 km walk along the hills. After it checked local market full of Tibetans. In the first street from bus stand, the way goes to Dalai Lama Monastery. Abt 100 mtr from starting poit there is another temple. There was lady vendor selling Momos, the Tibetan food item. I had eated it first time and it had a great taste. Visited Dalai Lama Temple. Mcleodganj is as usual as other hill stations but is little bit hotter.

Date 10/06/2011

It was our last day at Chamunda Ji so after visiting temple in morning we went for Gopalpur Zoo abt 5 Km bus fair Rs. 7/-. Not too many animals in the zoo but I liked the journey to zoo and zoo. Peaceful environment and surroundings. At abt 11.30 am took bus to Kangra and the same way as I started journey returned home.

Over all I enjoyed this tour and my total expenditure excluding shopping was abt Rs. 7000/-

You can ask me any details if you want.

 

 

 

                                                     

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Allport's Theory of Traits

In 1936, psychologist Gordon Allport found that one English-language dictionary alone contained more than 4,000 words describing different personality traits. He firmly believes that traits are real and exist within the person. He means that the traits make behavior consistent and that a trait is still there even if there is no one around to see it. Allport explains how every person’s traits are unique to the individual. He categorized these traits into three levels:

·        Cardinal Traits: These are traits that dominate an individual’s whole life, often to the point that the person becomes known specifically for these traits. People with such personalities often become so known for these traits that their names are often synonymous with these qualities. Consider the origin and meaning of the following descriptive terms: Freudian, Machiavellian, narcissistic, Don Juan, Christ-like, etc. Allport suggested that cardinal traits are rare and tend to develop later in life.

·        Central Traits: These are the general characteristics that form the basic foundations of personality. These central traits, while n ot as dominating as cardinal traits, are the major characteristics you might use to describe another person. Terms such as intelligent,honest, shy and anxious are considered central traits.

·        Secondary Traits: These are the traits that are sometimes related to attitudes or preferences and often appear only in certain situations or under specific circumstances. Some examples would be getting anxious when speaking to a group or impatient while waiting in line.

·        common traits are traits that are shared among many persons within a culture. They are measurable on a scale; it is important to be able to measure traits and compare individuals, and Allport therefore prefers to keep the common trait as an important factor of personality.

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intelligence quotient or IQ

IQ is a measure of relative intelligence determined by a standardized test. The first intelligence test was created in 1905 by Alfred Binet and Simon to determine which French school children were too slow to benefit from regular instruction.

Mental Age/Chronological Age X 100 = Intelligence Quotient

The majority of people have an IQ between 85 and 115.

I.Q. (intelligence quotient) in general, is an assessment of your ability to think and reason. IQ score is a standardized way of comparing this ability with the majority of people the same age as you are. A score of 100 means that compared to these people in your general age group that you have basically an average intelligence. Most psychologists would say those scoring in a range of 95 to 105 are of a normal intelligence or have an average IQ. Actual IQ score may vary plus or minus five points since it is very difficult to get an IQ score with complete accuracy. Keep in mind, there are many outside factors that may have a negative impact on your score. For instance, if you are not feeling well at the time of taking the test. Or perhaps you are distracted by something on that particular day.

IQ scores are used as predictors of educational achievement, special needs, job performance, and income. They are also used to study IQ distributions in populations and the correlations between IQ and other variables.

There are a variety of individually administered IQ tests in use in the English-speaking world. The most commonly used individual IQ test series is the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale for adults and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children for school-age test-takers. Other commonly used individual IQ tests include the current versions of the Stanford-Binet, Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Cognitive Abilities, the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children, the Cognitive Assessment System, and the Differential Ability Scales.

Reliability and validity

Psychometricians generally regard IQ tests as having high statistical reliability. A high reliability implies that—although test-takers may have varying scores when taking the same test on differing occasions, and they may have varying scores when taking different IQ tests at the same age—the scores generally agree with one another and across time.

IQ scores can differ to some degree for the same person on different IQ tests, so a person does not always belong to the same IQ score range each time the person is tested.

IQ can change to some degree over the course of childhood.

Environmental and genetic factors play a role in determining IQ. Their relative importance has been the subject of much research and debate.

Musical training in childhood has been found to correlate with higher than average IQ.

The ratio of brain weight to body weight and the size, shape and activity level of different parts of the brain, the total amount of gray matter in the brain, the overall thickness of the cortex and the glucose metabolic rate may affect IQ.

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Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality

Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality argued that human behavior was the result of the interaction of three component parts of the mind: the id, ego, and superego.

Id

The id according to Freud is the part of the unconscious that seeks pleasure. The id is the part of the mind, which holds all of human’s most basic and primal instincts. It is the impulsive, unconscious part of the mind that is based on desire to seek immediate satisfaction. The id does not have a grasp on any form of reality or consequence. Freud explained that the pleasure principle is controlled by the id because it makes people engage in need-satisfying behavior without any accordance to what is right or wrong.

Freud defined the id as the part of the mind "cut off from the external world, has a world of perception of its own.

Ego

In order for people to maintain a realistic sense here on earth, the ego is responsible for creating balance between pleasure and pain. It is impossible for all desires of the id to be met and the ego realizes this but continues to seek pleasure and satisfaction. Although the ego does not know the difference between right and wrong, it is aware that not all drives can be met at a given time. The reality principle is what the ego operates by in order to help satisfy the id’s demands as well as compromising according to reality. The ego takes into account ethical and cultural ideals in order to balance out the desires originating in the id.

Superego

The superego, which develops around age four or five, incorporates the morals of society. Freud believed that the superego is what allows the mind to control its impulses that are looked down upon morally. The superego can be considered to be the conscience of the mind because it has the ability to distinguish between reality as well as what is right or wrong. Without the superego Freud believed people would act out with aggression and other immoral behaviors because the mind would have no way of understanding the difference between right and wrong. The superego is considered to be the “consciousness” of a person’s personality and can override the drives from the id.

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